Anthony Budiawan — Managing Director PEPS (Political Economy and Policy Studies)

Konflik di Timur Tengah mengguncang dunia. Ekonomi global menghadapi ketidakpastian yang tinggi. Indonesia tidak hidup dalam ruang isolasi—ekonomi domestik juga akan terdampak dan tertekan. Dampaknya tidak ringan. Stabilitas fiskal dan moneter terancam. Bahkan, nilai tukar rupiah sempat tembus Rp17.000 per dolar AS.
Konflik Iran telah mengganggu pasokan minyak dan gas dunia secara signifikan, termasuk produk turunannya yang menjadi bahan baku industri, seperti plastik, tekstil, pupuk, dan berbagai produk lainnya.
Kelangkaan pasokan jauh lebih berbahaya dibanding sekadar kenaikan harga. Ketika sektor riil tersumbat, ancaman pemutusan hubungan kerja (PHK) menjadi nyata. Tekanan inflasi hampir tak terelakkan.
Dana Moneter Internasional (IMF) telah menurunkan proyeksi pertumbuhan ekonomi global, termasuk revisi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia menjadi 4,8 persen.
Sebagian besar pengamat ekonomi di Indonesia juga memiliki pandangan serupa: ekonomi nasional ke depan berpotensi memburuk, serta menghadapi tantangan berat, baik dari sisi fiskal, moneter, maupun sektor riil. Mereka memperkirakan dampak konflik Iran dapat memicu pelebaran defisit fiskal melewati ambang batas 3 persen serta depresiasi tajam nilai tukar rupiah akibat arus keluar modal (capital outflow)—investor asing beralih ke aset safe haven.
Dalam situasi seperti ini, kontribusi pemikiran dari para pengamat—akademisi maupun praktisi—menjadi sangat penting. Mereka mencoba mempelajari dampak negatif konflik terhadap ekonomi Indonesia.
Seharusnya, pemerintah memberi apresiasi terhadap berbagai pandangan tersebut. Analisis yang dinilai kurang tepat dapat diabaikan. Tetapi, pandangan yang masuk akal dapat dipelajari lebih dalam untuk mencari solusi kebijakan yang tepat.
Sayangnya, respons Menteri Keuangan Purbaya terhadap sejumlah pandangan tersebut justru terkesan tidak simpatik, bahkan cenderung arogan. Pernyataan seperti, “mereka tidak tahu apa-apa, mereka harus belajar lagi, saya kan PhD”, tidak pantas disampaikan oleh seorang pejabat publik, terlebih menteri.
Di sisi lain, memang ada juga pengamat yang berpendapat bahwa ekonomi Indonesia akan tetap stabil. Perbedaan pendapat seperti ini adalah hal yang wajar dalam ilmu ekonomi, dan juga terjadi di tingkat global. John Maynard Keynes dari Cambridge University pernah berdebat sengit dengan Friedrich von Hayek dari London School of Economics. Perdebatan ini justru memberikan kontribusi besar terhadap perkembangan ilmu ekonomi.
Penting dicatat, tidak ada satu pun pandangan yang sepenuhnya benar atau salah. Masing-masing mazhab memiliki relevansi dalam konteks dan kondisi tertentu. Teori Keynes terbukti efektif dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi pasca-perang dunia kedua melalui intervensi pemerintah dan defisit anggaran. Sebaliknya, pemikiran Hayek berperan dalam mengatasi resesi dan stagflasi pada era 1980-an.
Dalam konteks ini, Menteri Keuangan Purbaya menempatkan dirinya pada kelompok yang optimistis, dengan pandangan bahwa ekonomi Indonesia dalam kondisi baik dan tidak perlu dikhawatirkan.
Untuk mendukung pendapatnya, Menkeu kemudian merujuk sejumlah indikator pada bulan Januari dan Februari 2026 yang dinilainya ekonomi sedang berada dalam fase ekspansif.
Salah satu indikator yang digunakan adalah Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI), dengan nilai 52,6 pada Januari dan 53,8 pada Februari. Secara umum, PMI di atas 50 menunjukkan aktivitas ekonomi yang ekspansif.
Tetapi, perlu diingat, indikator tersebut hanya mencerminkan kondisi sesaat, sewaktu
survei dilakukan, dan tidak dapat digunakan sebagai dasar untuk menarik kesimpulan mengenai kondisi ekonomi sepanjang tahun.
Lebih jauh, pada periode Januari–Februari 2026, konflik Iran belum terjadi. Dengan munculnya konflik tersebut, lanskap ekonomi global dan domestik berpotensi berubah secara signifikan.
Di sinilah letak kelemahan utama argumentasi Menteri Keuangan: penggunaan indikator jangka pendek (soft data) untuk merepresentasikan prospek tahunan, tanpa mempertimbangkan shock eksternal yang baru muncul.
Selain itu, faktor musiman juga perlu diperhitungkan. Februari 2026 sudah memasuki bulan Ramadhan dan mendekati Idul Fitri—periode di mana aktivitas ekonomi memang meningkat.
Kemudian, data historis menunjukkan bahwa indeks PMI pada awal tahun biasanya cenderung tinggi, namun tidak selalu berlanjut. Pada 2024, PMI Januari–Maret mencapai puncaknya di 54,2, tetapi kemudian turun ke bawah 50 (kontraksi) selama lima bulan berturut-turut mulai Juli hingga November.
Pada 2025, pola yang sama terjadi bahkan lebih tajam. Setelah mencatat level tinggi pada awal tahun, PMI April anjlok ke 46,7, meskipun pada Februari masih berada di 53,6. Lihat gambar.
Semua itu menunjukkan bahwa indikator jangka pendek seperti PMI tidak dapat digunakan sebagai referensi untuk prediksi jangka panjang.
Untuk 2026, penurunan indeks terjadi lebih cepat. PMI Maret hanya berada di level 50,1—nyaris stagnan—meskipun berada dalam periode puncak aktivitas ekonomi perayaan Idul Fitri. Hal ini mengindikasikan kemungkinan kontraksi dapat terjadi pada bulan-bulan berikutnya.
Point ini yang sebenarnya ingin disampaikan oleh para pengamat, yang kemudian dilabelkan sebagai pengamat pesimis: yaitu, prediksi ke depan, bukan membaca data historis.
Namun, respons Menteri Keuangan justru menjawab prediksi ke depan tersebut dengan data masa lalu—Januari dan Februari—yang tidak sepenuhnya relevan untuk memprediksi kondisi ke depan.
Dengan kata lain, terjadi ketidaksambungan dalam diskursus: pengamat berbicara mengenai future outlook, sementara respons pemerintah bertumpu pada backward-looking indicators.




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