Oleh: Anthony Budiawan – Managing Director PEPS (Political Economy and Policy Studies)
Tulisan ini sebagai jawaban atas imbauan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) agar Prof. Mahfud MD (baca: masyarakat) melaporkan dugaan korupsi kereta cepat Jakarta-Bandung. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini juga sekaligus berfungsi sebagai Pengaduan Masyarakat (Dumas) secara terbuka atas dugaan korupsi Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung kepada KPK.
Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung (KCJB) sepanjang 142,3 km sejak awal sudah penuh masalah dan sarat korupsi. Sungguh aneh kalau KPK masih mempertanyakan hal ini, bahkan menghimbau masyarakat melaporkan dugaan korupsi yang sudah terbentang jelas di depan mata. Hal ini mencerminkan komisioner KPK saat ini tidak kompeten.
Dugaan korupsi Proyek KCJB dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut.
Pertama, indikasi markup. Biaya Proyek KCJB sangat ketinggian. Awalnya, pihak China menawarkan 5,5 miliar dolar AS, yang kemudian naik menjadi 6,02 miliar dolar AS, atau setara 41,96 juta dolar AS per km. Nilai Proyek ini jauh lebih tinggi dari Proyek sejenis di China, yang hanya menelan biaya 17-30 juta dolar AS per km. Sebagai contoh, kereta cepat Shanghai–Hangzhou sepanjang 154 km, dengan batas kecepatan 350 km per jam, hanya menelan biaya 22,93 juta dolar AS per km.
Artinya, biaya Proyek KCJB lebih mahal sekitar 19 juta dolar AS per km dibandingkan Proyek Shanghai-Hangzhou tersebut, atau kemahalan sekitar 2,7 miliar dolar AS. Patut diduga, nilai Proyek KCJB yang sangat tinggi tersebut karena penggelembungan, alias markup.
Markup ini sangat kasar dan sangat serakahnomics. Karena, data investasi Proyek Kereta Cepat di dunia sangat transparan dan dapat diketahui oleh siapapun dengan mudah.
Dugaan markup sangat kuat, karena proses evaluasi Proyek sangat tidak profesional dan cenderung berpihak kepada pihak tertentu, sehingga terindikasi melanggar proses pengadaan barang publik.
Keikutsertaan Jepang dalam pengadaan Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung nampaknya hanya untuk ‘pendamping’ saja, untuk memenuhi prasyarat proses tender. Keikutsertaan Jepang nampaknya dimanfaatkan hanya untuk mengatrol (baca: markup) harga Kereta Cepat China agar bisa mendekati penawaran dari Jepang. Tidak heran, penawaran China yang awalnya 5,5 miliar dolar AS kemudian naik menjadi 6,02 miliar dolar AS, mendekati harga penawaran Jepang sebesar 6,2 miliar dolar AS.
Penawaran Jepang kemudian digugurkan dengan alasan pihak Jepang minta jaminan APBN, sedangkan China tidak minta jaminan APBN karena mengikuti skema business-to-business, yang sekarang ternyata terbukti bohong besar: utang Proyek Kereta Cepat China sekarang minta disuntik dana APBN.
Kedua, komponen bunga pinjaman. Baik Jepang maupun China menawarkan skema pembiayaan utang sebesar 75 persen dari nilai Proyek, dengan tenor 50 tahun dan masa tenggang (grace period) 10 tahun, di mana selama 10 tahun pertama, pemerintah hanya membayar bunga pinjaman saja. Jepang menawarkan bunga 0,1% per tahun, sedangkan China menawarkan bunga 2% per tahun, atau 20 kali lipat lebih tinggi dari bunga Jepang.
Dengan nilai proyek 6 miliar dolar AS dan pembiayaan utang 4,5 miliar dolar AS (75 persen), bunga pinjaman Proyek Jepang hanya 4,5 juta dolar AS per tahun (atau sekitar Rp73,35 miliar pada kurs Rp16.300/USD). Sedangkan bunga pinjaman proyek China mencapai 90 juta dolar AS per tahun, 20 kali lipat lebih tinggi, atau sekitar Rp1,47 triliun.
Dalam sepuluh tahun grace period, bunga pinjaman Proyek Jepang hanya 45 juta dolar AS, sedangkan Proyek China mencapai 900 juta dolar AS.
Kalau beban bunga pinjaman ini masuk faktor biaya dalam evaluasi finansial Proyek, maka penawaran China akan lebih mahal dari penawaran Jepang: 6,92 miliar dolar AS (China) VS. 6,25 miliar dolar AS (Jepang). Oleh karena itu, hampir dapat dipastikan ada manipulasi dalam evaluasi pemilihan Proyek untuk memenangkan penawaran dari China.
Kesengajaan mengabaikan komponen biaya bunga dalam pembiayaan Proyek termasuk pelanggaran serius terhadap proses evaluasi proyek publik, dan termasuk tindak pidana. Karena bunga merupakan salah satu komponen biaya yang sangat penting untuk menentukan kelayakan finansial Proyek: penentu mati-hidup Proyek.
Tidak heran, dengan tingkat bunga pinjaman China yang begitu besar, Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC) saat ini megap-megap tidak mampu membayar bunga pinjaman tersebut, dan masuk kategori default: gagal bayar bunga.
Ketiga, pembengkakan biaya (cost overrun). Lebih parah lagi, biaya proyek membengkak 1,2 miliar dolar AS, sehingga total nilai proyek menjadi 7,22 miliar dolar AS atau sekitar 50,5 juta dolar AS per km. Pembengkakan biaya sekitar 20 persen ini jelas tidak normal. Dalam proyek infrastruktur, pengerjaan Proyek seharusnya bersifat turnkey (fixed price). Artinya, cost overrun wajib ditanggung oleh kontraktor Proyek, yaitu pihak China. Tetapi, anehnya kenapa harus dibebankan kepada Proyek? Ada apa?
Yang lebih parah, 75 persen pembiayaan utang dari cost overrun tersebut, atau sekitar 900 juta dolar AS, dikenakan bunga pinjaman sebesar 3,4 persen per tahun, atau 34 kali lipat dari bunga yang ditawarkan Jepang.
Sehingga, total bunga pinjaman Proyek Kereta Cepat saat ini mencapai 120,6 juta dolar AS, atau sekitar Rp1,97 triliun per tahun (kurs Rp16.300 per dolar AS). Bayangkan, penawaran bunga pinjaman dari Jepang hanya sekitar Rp75 miliar saja.
Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, maka KPK harus segera menyelidiki dugaan markup dan korupsi Proyek KCJB ini. KPK jangan berkelit lagi. Rakyat mengawasi.




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