Menatap Layar yang Menatap Balik: Ketakutan Sipil di Balik Senyapnya Spyware

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Laporan : Andi Fadly (KOPEL Indonesia)

MAKASSAR — Di sebuah ruang pertemuan di Swiss-Belhotel Waterfront Makassar, Senin (11/5), suasananya tidak biasa. Sejumlah aktivis dari Papua hingga Maluku, jurnalis, dan akademisi berkumpul. Bukan sekadar seremonial, pertemuan bertajuk “Menuntut Akuntabilitas Penggunaan Spyware di Indonesia” yang digagas ELSAM dan KOPEL Indonesia ini adalah sebuah alarm tanda bahaya bagi demokrasi kita yang kian ringkih.

Di balik riuhnya diskusi, ada satu musuh bersama yang tak kasat mata: Spyware. Teknologi ini bekerja dalam senyap, menyusup ke saku-saku celana para pembela HAM tanpa permisi, mengubah ponsel pintar menjadi mata-mata yang mengintai pemiliknya sendiri—24 jam sehari, tujuh hari seminggu.

Senjata Perang yang Salah Sasaran

Spyware bukanlah perangkat lunak biasa. Ia adalah teknologi kelas militer. Ambil contoh Pegasus, spyware buatan NSO Group asal Israel yang kerap disebut dalam laporan internasional. Tanpa perlu pemilik mengklik tautan apa pun (zero-click), ia bisa mengakses pesan terenkripsi (WhatsApp/Signal), menyalakan mikrofon untuk menyadap pembicaraan, hingga melacak koordinat GPS secara real-time.

“Penggunaan spyware tanpa pengawasan dan akuntabilitas yang ketat bukan lagi soal isu privasi semata, tapi ancaman eksistensial terhadap demokrasi,” tegas salah satu peserta dalam forum tersebut.

Kekhawatiran ini bukan tanpa dasar. Laporan Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) pada 2020 mengungkapkan bahwa pemerintah Indonesia telah menggelontorkan anggaran hingga Rp408,8 miliar untuk pengadaan perangkat surveilans sejak 2017 hingga 2020. Sementara itu, riset Google’s Threat Analysis Group (TAG) dan Citizen Lab berulang kali mengonfirmasi adanya jejak penggunaan perangkat seperti Pegasus atau Predator di Indonesia, yang seringkali ditemukan di perangkat milik jurnalis dan oposisi politik.

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Dari Papua Hingga NTT: Serangan yang Merata

Dalam forum yang dihadiri delegasi dari NTT, Sulawesi Tenggara, hingga Maluku ini, terungkap pola-pola intimidasi digital yang semakin canggih. Kezia dari ELSAM menyoroti bagaimana tata kelola ruang digital Indonesia kian represif.

“Teknologi yang seharusnya untuk keamanan nasional justru berpotensi dipakai membungkam kritik secara sewenang-wenang,” tuturnya. Senada dengan itu, Abdul Azis dari LBH Makassar dan Adnan Buyung Azis dari YLBHM melihat adanya korelasi antara meningkatnya penggunaan alat surveilans dengan penyempitan ruang gerak masyarakat sipil ( shrinking civic space).

Data SAFEnet (Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network) mencatat bahwa serangan digital terhadap aktivis dan jurnalis di Indonesia terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Pada tahun 2023 saja, tercatat ratusan insiden keamanan digital yang menargetkan mereka yang vokal terhadap kebijakan pemerintah.

Menuntut Transparansi di Balik Tirai “Keamanan Nasional”

Masalah utamanya adalah kekosongan hukum. Hingga saat ini, tidak ada regulasi yang secara spesifik mengatur siapa yang boleh membeli, menggunakan, dan bagaimana mekanisme pengawasan terhadap spyware di Indonesia. Selama ini, “Keamanan Nasional” selalu menjadi tameng sakti untuk menghindari transparansi.

Melalui forum yang difasilitasi oleh Herman, Direktur KOPEL Indonesia ini, masyarakat sipil melayangkan empat tuntutan mendesak kepada pemerintah:

  1. Transparansi Total: Pemerintah harus membuka data pengadaan dan penggunaan teknologi surveilans digital.
  2. Regulasi Berbasis HAM: Menyusun aturan ketat agar spyware tidak digunakan secara serampangan.
  3. Hentikan Kriminalisasi: Menghentikan pengawasan ilegal terhadap jurnalis dan pembela HAM.
  4. Perlindungan Privasi: Menjamin hak konstitusional warga negara di ruang digital.

Penutup: Demokrasi di Persimpangan Jalan

Sesi diskusi berakhir, namun kecemasan belum usai. Peserta dari berbagai latar belakang, mulai dari AJI hingga WALHI, sadar bahwa perjuangan ini baru dimulai. Mereka pulang dengan satu keyakinan: Keamanan nasional tidak boleh dibayar dengan harga diri dan privasi warga negara.

Sebab, ketika negara mulai mengintip ke dalam ruang paling pribadi rakyatnya untuk mencari kesalahan, saat itulah demokrasi sebenarnya telah mati di tangan teknologi.

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