Oleh: Anthony Budiawan—Managing Director PEPS (Political Economy and Policy Studies
Kurs rupiah kini semakin dekat Rp18.000 per dolar AS. Mungkin akan tembus dalam minggu ini untuk kemudian menuju Rp20.000 per dolar AS. Situasi seperti ini cukup mencekam. Meskipun narasi-narasi resmi pemerintah seolah-olah tidak ada masalah. Bahkan Presiden harus berkelakar, di desa tidak memakai dolar. Kelakar ini dapat ditangkap sebagai keresahan mendalam yang keluar menjadi alasan defensif.
Dalam situasi seperti ini harus ada yang bertanggung jawab. Dalam hal ini, semua orang dengan mudah menunjuk Gubernur Bank Indonesia, atau lebih tepatnya Dewan Gubernur Bank Indonesia, sebagai penanggung jawab moneter, termasuk stabilitas kurs rupiah.
Suara-suara seperti itu sudah mulai berkembang. Dalam waktu dekat mungkin akan lebih lantang.
Satu atau dua anggota DPR sudah mulai bersuara, meminta Gubernur BI Perry Warjiyo mengundurkan diri.
Pertanyaannya, apakah kalau Gubernur BI mundur maka permasalahan kurs rupiah akan selesai? Lebih tajam lagi, apakah pelemahan kurs rupiah, yang sudah terjadi sejak 2014, adalah kesalahan pengelolaan moneter yang menjadi tanggung jawab pribadi Gubernur Bank Indonesia?
Pertanyaan di atas harus dijawab dengan benar dan akurat, sebelum meminta pertanggungjawaban pribadi Gubernur.
Karena, bagaimana kalau masalahnya bukan di sisi moneter? Bagaimana kalau pelemahan kurs rupiah hanya sebagai akibat dari pengelolaan ekonomi yang terus melemah secara struktural? Dalam hal ini, siapa pun yang menjabat sebagai Gubernur Bank Indonesia tidak akan bisa mengubah kondisi tersebut.
Seperti juga terjadi pada OJK dan BEI beberapa waktu yang lalu. Pengunduran diri dan pergantian petinggi OJK dan Dirut BEI tidak membuat indeks saham menguat. Bahkan, pada perdagangan saham sesi pertama Senin kemarin indeks sempat turun 4,5 persen, sebelum akhirnya ditutup turun 1,85 persen.
Permasalahan kurs rupiah juga sama. Pelemahan kurs rupiah bukan merupakan kesalahan teknis moneter, melainkan bersifat struktural di luar kendali otoritas moneter. Artinya, siapa pun yang menjabat Gubernur Bank Indonesia tidak dapat berbuat banyak.
Akar permasalahan kurs rupiah adalah defisit neraca transaksi berjalan yang bersifat struktural: bukan temporer. Dalam hal ini, rupiah pasti terdepresiasi. Kecuali, sekali lagi kecuali, terdapat aliran masuk dolar dari luar negeri ke Indonesia baik dalam bentuk investasi langsung maupun utang.
Ini yang terjadi selama ini. Defisit neraca transaksi berjalan ditutup dengan utang, cukup menjaga kurs rupiah terdepresiasi perlahan setiap tahunnya. Kadang terjadi shock kecil temporer ketika kondisi global melemah, tetapi rupiah menguat kembali setelah pemerintah mendapat utang lagi.
Kali ini, utang luar negeri belum masuk untuk bisa menutupi aliran dolar yang keluar. Cadangan devisa selama 4 bulan pertama turun 10,3 miliar dolar AS, dari 156,5 miliar menjadi 146,2 miliar dolar AS. Kurs rupiah tertekan. Kalau kondisi ini berlanjut, kurs rupiah pasti akan terus terpuruk, tembus Rp18.000 per dolar AS, menuju next destination: Rp20.000 per dolar AS, siapa pun yang menjadi Gubernur Bank Indonesia.
Oleh karena itu, permintaan mundur kepada Gubernur Bank Indonesia tidak seluruhnya tepat. Permasalahan kurs rupiah terletak pada kondisi ekonomi secara keseluruhan yang bersifat struktural. Kontribusi sektor manufaktur terhadap PDB menurun: deindustrialisasi dini. Ekspor stagnan: jauh lebih rendah dari Vietnam yang mencatat ekspor sebesar 1,6 kali Indonesia. Utang luar negeri pemerintah meningkat terus. Artinya, utang luar negeri digunakan untuk membiayai fiskal.
Semua faktor tersebut menjadi akar masalah kurs rupiah melemah. Selama itu tidak diperbaiki secara struktural, kurs rupiah akan terus melemah, kecuali disuntik terus dengan gelembung utang luar negeri yang pada saatnya akan siap meletus.
Kondisi ini akan terus terjadi siapa pun yang menjabat sebagai Gubernur Bank Indonesia.
Dalam domain kewenangan Bank Indonesia, untuk menjaga kurs rupiah agar tidak terdepresiasi lebih lanjut, Bank Indonesia hanya dapat menggunakan instrumen kenaikan suku bunga. Hal itu tidak dilakukan Bank Indonesia dengan konsekuensi, atau trade-off, kurs rupiah melemah, disertai harapan sektor manufaktur dapat lebih kompetitif karena suku bunga relatif rendah. Tetapi, ternyata itu hanya harapan hampa.
Dengan demikian, kesimpulannya adalah pejabat mana saja yang sebenarnya paling bertanggung jawab terhadap pelemahan kurs rupiah dan layak diganti?
Kemudian, bagaimana dengan peran DPR yang tidak mampu mengawasi kinerja ekonomi secara keseluruhan untuk menciptakan surplus transaksi berjalan? Apakah DPR juga harus ikut mundur bersama?
Mari kita renungkan.




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